Thursday, December 26, 2019

Communication Failure Psychodynamic Approaches - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1236 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? x In this article, developments and research into Psychodynamic approaches will be used to explain and understand how communication failure between leaders and followers occur. Yet how much credibility can be given towards Psychodynamics as an approach to explain this breakdown in communication? An investigation into examples of communication breakdown will be carried out. Primarily an analysis between traditional theories such a situational, trait and style approaches will be contrasted with Psychodynamic approaches, to outline the differences between the two approaches, thus giving an exploration into why psychodynamic approaches are used at all within different aspects of daily life. Psychodynamics stems firstly from people having an understanding of their own behaviours/personality and being self-analytical, which allows them to alter such behaviours to suite others involved within communications. In addition to this, after the identification of the contras ting approaches have been made, a deeper understanding of psychodynamics will be carried out through analysing works from key theorists such as Freud the founder of the psychodynamic approaches, but further works of Eric Berne and Carl Jung to extend knowledge of the basic principle of psychodynamics which can be recognised as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Psychodynamic theory is concerned with understanding the inner world of human beings and its relationship with how we behave in the outer world and relate to other people, organizations and societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Sandler, Catherine. 2011). However further exploration into why these psychodynamic approaches have emerged needs to be done through using a range of examples. The nature of examples used will predominantly be within the business environment, through the use of differing entrepreneurs, business sectors such as business coaching etc. and followers. The idea of using the business environment will not only allow for an understanding in to why individuals in this case business leaders and follows may not interact effectively, but may also give an insight to why certain businesses succeed so well and why others have gone pear-shaped and not been as successful, as communication within a business is hugely beneficial to the success of a company. Further to this point: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If you seek success in the wrong places, you are likely to waste a lot of effort, focus on the wrong things, and in the end, overlook some of the real sources of competitive leverageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the culture and capabilities of your organization that derive from how you manage your peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Wetzel David W. 2009). Therefore the overall objective for this article is to prove that psychodynamics is a huge factor to take into account when identifying communication breakdown, as this approach may affect and alter the communication in this case between leaders and followers in an organisation. Psychodynamics as a framework that differs from traditional approaches such as situational approach, trait approach and style approach. To begin with, looking primarily at the traditional approaches of leadership behaviours there is vast research to support that psychodynamics differs hugely from these approaches. Situational theory firstly developed by theorist Hersey and Blanchard proposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the optimal style of supervision (defined in terms of a combination of relationship-orientated behaviour and task-orientated behaviour) changes as the level of follower maturity increases.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Norris et al. Sept 1992) this theory therefore only accounts for the differentiation of supervision given from a leader amongst differing follower groups (lower maturity level of followers/employees require higher supervision). However this theory has been scrutinised by many different theorists; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Research revealed that no particular leadership style was universally effective and b ehavioural theories relied on abstract leadership types that were difficult to identify.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Jim Allen McCleskey. 2014). This means that there is no individual relationship between leader and follower demonstrated within this approach, however leaders tend to mould their style of management to the behaviours of the employees. (Usually low-skilled employees need high attention rates and supervision). This negligence towards having individual relationship with followers, therefore could affect communication negatively, as there could not be an understanding for example to low production rates. Additionally looking at a different traditional theory known as trait theory will allow supplementary evidence to support the idea, that psychodynamics is the preferred theory to analyse communication breakdown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The trait perspective suggests that certain individuals have special innate or inborn characteristics or qualities that make them leaders.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ( Northouse, Peter Guy Feb 2012). However can traits alone guarantee leadership success? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A complete theory of leadership involves more than [specifying] leader traits. Traits only endow people with the potential for leadership. To actualize this potential, additional factors are necessary.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Kirkpatrick and Locke. 1991). This evidence portrays that effective leadership does not just lie within the characteristics of an individual, yes a leader does need to hold certain traits that differ to a follower, however it is necessary that other factors need to be taken into account, therefore indicating that psychodynamics may possibly be a stronger tool to analyse effective leadership (which involves effective communication). As this idea takes into account the importance of followers as well as the leaders, and the relationship that they have within an organisation. Now that traditional theories have been analysed and discussed an understanding into psychody namics and this theories contribution towards communication breakdown can be investigated. The basic principle of psychodynamics in the context of a business environment is all about relationship between both the leader and the follower working together and how a good leader may sense behavioural patterns in an employee and themselves for example reading body language and adapting to suit the needs of others or outcome. Therefore psychodynamics is about being self-aware and self-analytical in situations, to parties whom may be disinclined to being lead. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Psychodynamic perspectives illuminate approaches that differentiate between behaviors and activities geared toward rational task performance and those geared to emotional needs and anxieties. The application of this approach emphasizes the importance of understanding human relationships through the idea of connectedness and relatedness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Trehan, Kiran. Feb 2007). Nowadays leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“l iterature seems to focus more on leadership than on followership and the nature of the relationship between the two. This uncertainty may explain some of the anxiety in the leadership space.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Greyvenstein et al. 2012) thus supporting that psychodynamics hugely differs to the traditional theories as this concept takes into account the importance of the follower, rather focusing on the importance of the leaders style or behaviours. An understanding in the basic principle of psychodynamics has been made, an exploration into the types of methods created by differing theorists can be identified. The first method that will be discussed will be from Freud whom is said to be the founder of psychodynamics. His idea Wetzel, David W. (2009). The measurement of personality in the adult worker: A basis for the psychodynamic approach to leadership. Available: https://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.dmu.ac.uk/docview/305132210/abstract?accountid=10472. Last accessed 25/11/20 14. Sandler, Catherine. (2011). Executive Coaching: A Psychodynamic Approach, McGraw-Hill Education, Maidenhead, GBR. Available from: ProQuest ebrary. [25 November 2014]. Norris et al. (Sept 1992). Situational Leadership Theory: A Replication. Available: https://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.dmu.ac.uk/docview/203365270/abstract?accountid=10472. Last accessed 25/11/2014. Jim Allen McCleskey. (2014). Situational, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly. 5 (4), pp118. Northouse, Peter Guy (Feb 2012). Leadership Theory and Practice . 6th ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp6. Shelley A. Kirkpatrick and Edwin A. Locke. (1991). Leadership: do traits matter?. Academy of Management Executive. 5 (2), pp56. Greyvenstein, Henk; Cilliers, Frans. (2012). Followerships experiences of organisational leadership: A systems psychodynamic perspective. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 38 (2), p1-p10. Trehan, Kiran. (Feb 2007). Psychodynamic and Critical Perspectives on Leadership Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources. 9 (1), 72-82. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication Failure: Psychodynamic Approaches" essay for you Create order

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Management Is A Self Established Style Of Obtaining...

Management is a self-established style of obtaining measureable goals and expectations. When entering a new area as a manager you must immediately lay out your expectations to your employees and make sure everyone has a full understanding of them. If you do not already have measurable goals in place, you need to start creating them. Do not just tell your employees what goals are, but instead involve them in the goal setting process. Start with long term shop goals and work your way down to individual goals. Three general areas that you need to focus attention to are; people, processes, and resources, to include material. People are what make all things operational in any field. Diversity is a subject that will need continuous training to stay current on. If you have a group of individuals and not a team you are setting yourself up for failure. Find the strengths of each individual to make sure you are maximizing their skill sets. Communication is the key to any successful t eam and listening is as big of a part of communication as speaking. You cannot assume everyone processes information that is given the same. Change the way you communicate to fit the individual needs. A manager may know the terminology, how to create and maintain charts, and know the processes inside and out, but if you cannot manage the people you will eventually fail. It is imperative for a first-line manager to know his or her employees on a personal level to understand what they mightShow MoreRelatedPersonal Thinking Styles That Are Broken Down Into Three Styles1617 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Thinking Styles The LSI, Life Styles Inventory, measures twelve specific patterns of thinking that are broken down into three styles described as follows: †¢ CONSTRUCTIVE Styles reflect self-enhancing thinking and behavior that contribute to one s level of satisfaction, ability to develop healthy relationships and work effectively with people, and proficiency at accomplishing tasks. †¢ PASSIVE/DEFENSIVE Styles represent self-protecting thinking and behavior that promote the fulfillmentRead MoreBa323 Exam Essay6817 Words   |  28 Pagesorganizational goals. 2. How does OD differ from a single-change technique such as management training? 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Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Catcher In The Rye Research Paper Essay Example For Students

Catcher In The Rye Research Paper Essay Innocence, Compassion, and some Crazy CliffA novel, which has gained literary recognition worldwide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in the Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the preservation of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and adulthood. Embellishing the differentiation between innocence and squalor in the grasps of society. The bridge that lies between these contrasting themes are personified through the novels protagonist, Holden Caul-field and his visualization of a cliff, which depicts a dividing point between the evident beginning and end. The connection, which binds this gap in reality, was made clear through a new found compassion, consummating Holdens place in society through the realization of his surroundings from which he successfully crosses over. Focusing on the rebelli ous and confused actuality of adolescents stuck between the innocence of childhood and the corruptness of the adult world, this novel strikes a cord, which most adolescents can relate. The essence of the story The Catcher in the Rye follows the forty-eight hour escapade of sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield, told through first person narration. After his expulsion from Pency, a fashionable prep school, the lat-est in a long line of expulsions, Holden has a few confrontations with his fellow students and leaves shortly after to return to his hometown, New York City. In the heart of New York City, Holden spends the following two days hiding out to rest before confronting his parents with the news. During his adventures in the city he tries to renew some old acquaintances, find his significance in the adult world, and come to grips with the head-aches he has been having lately. Eventually, Holden sneaks home to visit his sister Phoebe, because alone on the streets he feels as if he has no where else to turn. Children are the only people with whom Holden can communicate with throughout the novel, not because they can help him with his growing pains but because they remind him of a simpler time (his inno-cence), which he wishes he could return. The trials of the adult world wear down Holdens vision of a place in society, portraying innocence as a form of retreat from a confusing world. On the subject of innocence and symbolism there of, which is repre-sented through Holdens thoughts and actions, S.N. Behrman writes:Holdens difficulties affect his nervous system but never his vision. It is the vision of an innocent. To the lifeline of this vision he clings invinci-bly, as he does to a phonograph record he buys for Phoebe (till it breaks) and a red hunting cap that is dear to him and that he finally gives to Phoebe, and to Allies baseball glove. Understanding Holdens notion of innocence and the role it plays throughout the novel helps to put in tune the underlying message found in Holdens description of the catcher in the rye. I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys aroundnobody big, I mean- except me. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliffI mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. (Pg. 173) The princi-ple of the catcher in the rye is a means for Holden to devote his life to the protection of innocence. The significance of the catcher image lies in three areas of thought as implied by B. Ramachandra Rao:First of all, it is a savior image, and shows us the extent of Holdens re-ligious idealism. Secondly, it crystal lizes for us Holdens concept of good and evil; childhood is good, the only pure good, but it is surrounded by perils, the cliff of adolescence over which the children will plunge in the evil of adulthood unless stopped. But finally, the image is based on a mis-understanding. The Burns poem goes If a body meet a body not if a body catch a body, and the fact that Phoebe is aware of this and Holden is not, plus the manner in which these two words (catch and meet) are re-examined and re-interpreted by Holden at the end of the novel, shows us in a powerful and deeply suggestive way the center of Holdens diffi-culty. Holdens view of life as it is and the way life should be is based on a misunder-standing of mans place in society. Having difficulty coming to grips with this misunder-standing, Holden crosses a threshold. Later he fatefully comes in contact with his sister once again, at the Central Park carrousel in the final scene of the novel. At the sight of his sister he is overcome by a love for all people when he sees how much his sister cares about him. Domenic Bruni, incorporates this theme in his statement: Holden has accepted a new positionan undiscriminating love for all mankind. He even expresses that he misses all the people who did wrong to him He is not mature enough to know what to do with this love, but he is mature enough to accept it. In this world, realizing what is squalor and what is good, and loving it all is the first step in achieving identity and humility: compassion is what Holden learns. .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 , .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .postImageUrl , .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 , .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:hover , .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:visited , .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:active { border:0!important; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:active , .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673 .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95e643dfc52a7415fb6d484ca2a58673:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tree Conservation EssayThe foretelling of the story ends abruptly but we learn that Holden in the end goes out west and is seeking psychological treatment in California. Through his recovery and the experiences of those two lonely days, he gains compassion towards everyone, in-cluding himself. While his vision of the catcher in the rye was a hope, a dream, and a job Holden realizes that such a dream is impractical in the world. Although innocence is not lost in Holdens case, it is apparent that it was only passed by but by facing the world and loving it indiscriminately, such compassion will fill his need for acceptance and place in the world. Substantially giving Holden a n admission into society and the acceptance of the responsibilities of adulthood. J(erome) D(avid) Salinger, is an American author, who controversially dared to cross the line of literary standards. In his first and only novel The Catcher in the Rye, proved to be Salingers most important and influential literary work, establishing him as a leading author and cultural icon. As the popularity of his novel grew, Salinger became increasingly reclusive and has incidentally avoided the public eye for over thirty years. Under an apparent cloak of secrecy, the real story of Salinger lies incomplete and myste-rious. Although much about his life is uncertain, it is clear that Salinger was born on January 1 1919 in New York, New York, the second child and only son of Sol and Miriam Salinger. Since much of Salingers early days are clouded and unknown, the only link to his apparent adolescence is through the statement that his boyhood was very much the same as that of the in the book Holden. Salinger attended public schools on Manhattans upper West Side and during his high school years he transferred to the pri-vate McBurney School, where he flunked out after one year. In 1934, his father enrolled him at Valley Forge Military Academy, a private prep school in Pennsylvania. After graduation in 1936, Salinger enrolled in a short-story writing course at Columbia Univer-sity in New York and began publishing some of his short stories. Salinger was inducted into the service in 1942, at the age of twenty-three, the following year, he was transferred to the Counter-Intelligence Corps and later joined the Am erican Forth Division, he landed on Utah Beach five hours after the initial assault on D-Day. After the war, Salin-ger began publishing again and featured his stories in the Saturday Evening Post and Colliers. By 1951, Salinger has established his reputation exclusively in The New Yorker and the popularity of his work was emerging among college students. And so, he re-leased The Catcher in the Rye, after working on and off on it for ten years. Although it was not an immediate hit it did give Salinger an increasing critical praise and respect. Eventually, as critical acclaim grew, the letters, autograph seekers, and interview-ers began hunting him down and so he became annoyed and moved to Cornish, New Hampshire, where he has lived ever since. While secluding himself from the rest of the world Salinger began work on Nine Stories, which includes a number of published short stories and introduces the Glass family, the central figures of his later works. Nine Sto-ries was published in 1953, after which Salinger published four lengthy short stories about the problems of the extremely bright and overly sensitive children of the Glass family. The books in this short story collection include Franny and Zooey (1961), and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). English Essays

Monday, December 2, 2019

Japanese Internment Essays (750 words) - Japanese Internment

Japanese Internment The Japanese Internment took place between the years of 1941 and 1949. At the time most of the Japanese population was concentrated in the United States on the West Coast of Canada. The Japanese first immigrated to U.S. to work on the railroad in 1900. By 1921 the Japanese population numbered nearly 16,000 people and had possessed nearly half of the fishing licenses in the United States and British Columbia. In 1941, 23,000 Japanese were living throughout the U.S. and Canada. On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After the attack, their government took all Japanese owned boats, radios, and cameras. After the public pressured the government, and they took action and the government moved all Japanese from a 100-mile wide security strip along the U.S and British Columbia coast. Later, the government gave a further statement that declared that all people of Japanese origin were considered aliens until the end of World War II. In the first year of the war, the 21,000 Japanese who were affected by the war regulations, were sent to various states across the U.S. The government assured the states that the Japanese would stay in agriculture and would be removed after the war, at the states request. The remaining 12,000 Japanese were taken to Interior Housing Centers in the middle of the western part of the U.S. These housing centers consisted of four abandoned mining towns and two completely new communities. During the internment the U.S. Government claimed all the Japanese's land and possessions and sold them for a factor of the original cost. A good example of the Government's discrimination towards the Japanese is when the Government sold most of the Japanese owned property and land, without the Japanese's consent. Although Japan was one of the countries opposing the Allied powers, the Japanese were the only race that was interned. The internment was an act of discrimination, because the Italians and the Germans as well as the Austrians were pretty much left alone. At the same time as 12,000 Japanese were being placed in abandoned mining towns and later deported, Austrians, Italians, and Germans were walking freely around the United States with out being asked for much more than identification. Another strong argument raised by the Japanese Internment is why the U.S. Government Interned the Japanese Americans. Other people support this opinion, but think that the Germans, Austrians, and Italians should have been treated the same way. A different opinion is that the internment shouldn't have happened at all, and that the Japanese were discriminated against throughout the war. For example, in 1907, the Government had restricted the number of Japanese immigrants to a mere 400 a year. Many people believe that the Japanese skin color was a factor in the internment. During the war German, Italian, and Austrian Americans were left alone, while the Japanese were sent to prison Camps, and abandoned mining towns to live in, and being deported back to Japan for no reason, other that their home land was waging war against the Allied powers. Japan was one of the Axis powers, but it was not the only one. Three other countries were aiding them in the war and none of their U.S. citizens were bothered, interned, or deported. Many people believe that the U.S. Government treated the Japanese badly because of their skin color and ethnic origin. In conclusion, a majority of people feels that the Government acted upon the Japanese Americans unfairly using segregation, discrimination and prejudice, to separate them from the rest of Canada. Many people have observed that even before the war, the Government treated the Japanese unfairly, by not granting them citizenship even tough they were born there. This is only one side of the story and only one of the many positions that should be looked upon. Many other sides, perspectives, and aspects should also be looked at before making judgment on what happened, how it happened and why the Japanese Internment happened. The U.S. Government might have acted fairly upon the Japanese considering the situation, but as said before there are many other sides, perspectives and aspects to the Japanese Internment. This situation has been discussed in the past and